War and national security

Introduction

Intro Story: The Yoneyama Family

Rikizo Yoneyama came to Canada in 1907 with little more than high hopes. Like many newcomers from Japan, he dreamt of one day owning property and starting a family. He found work at a sawmill and later a pharmacy. He diligently saved money.

A decade later, Yoneyama achieved his dream. He bought a farm, 7.5 acres in Haney, B.C. (q̓íc̓əy̓). He dug a well and was soon able to raise chickens and pigs and cultivate berries, apples, pears, and plums. On the busy farm, Yoneyama and his wife, Yone, raised four children. In 1942, Japanese Canadians were banned from Canada’s West Coast. Yoneyama and his family reluctantly left their farm. They joined his two eldest daughters in Edmonton, Alta., where they were training in medicine and dentistry.

Yoneyama hoped one day to return home. “I realize that we are the victims of a war emergency,” he wrote to government officials. “As such,” his family was “quite willing to undergo … hardship … to help safeguard the shores of our homeland.” Yoneyama asked “to return to my home … when the present emergency ends.”


Lesson overview

The uprooting and internment of Japanese Canadians

In this lesson students explore how perception, shaped by popular media, can influence public opinion. They will examine the complex factors that led to the uprooting and internment of Japanese Canadians in the spring of 1942. The lesson examines the government rationale for uprooting and internment. Students then examine a selection of primary and secondary sources to answer the question: Why were Japanese Canadians uprooted and interned?

Targeted learning

  • Assess the prevailing public attitude toward the Japanese Canadian community, and include the uprooting and internment
  • Understand the divergent viewpoints about Japanese Canadians in the prewar years
  • Understand how the prevailing public attitudes impacted the decision to uproot and intern
  • Recognize not all perspectives and views are defensible or acceptable within societal norms
  • Evaluate the notion Japanese Canadians were a threat to national security
  • Evaluate the actions of the government by analysing source documents and secondary sources
  • Historical thinking competencies – Historical perspective taking

Focus question

Why were Japanese Canadians uprooted and interned?

Lesson Plan Details

Big Ideas:
Historical & Contemporary Injustices, Racism
Subject:
Social Studies
Unit:
Landscapes of Injustice - Secondary
Grades:
Grades 10-12
Time Commitment:
120 Minutes
Lesson Activities:
3 (Jump to Activities)
Resource Languages:
English

Lesson Activities

Spotlight activity

In this activity we invite students to understand the anti-Japanese bias that permeated BC society in the years leading up to the Second World War. A political cartoon from the 1930s will help set the tone for the activities to follow. The image depicts open bias against Japanese Canadians. As the image is exposed, in three separate reveals, students will speculate and share aloud what they are seeing.

Required Resources:

3 Sources

  1. Reveal the first piece of the shrouded image Source 2.1: Plugging the dyke (reveal 1) but keep the rest of Source 2.1 covered.
    1. Have students record what they see using the guiding questions provided.
    2. Allow about five minutes for them to decode and record their observations.
  2. As you reveal the next image segment (reveal 2) ask students to build on their understanding.
    1. Are there new clues as to its meaning, message or purpose?
    2. Have the students speculate on the connection(s) they can make with the image and Japanese Canadians.
  3. Reveal the final piece of the image (reveal 3); the political cartoon is now clear and the image is open to interpretation.
    1. First see if the students can identify in some detail what the cartoon was used for, its purpose, and full meaning.
    2. Now ask them to consider how Japanese Canadians may have felt about this cartoon.
  4. Discuss with the class how the cartoon indicates the prevailing public mood toward Japanese Canadians in the late 1930s.
    1. What can the cartoon tell us about the public attitude toward Japanese Canadians?
    2. If there was a crisis with Imperial Japan, how might the cartoon help us understand the public attitude toward Japanese Canadians?
    3. How would Japanese Canadians have felt when viewing cartoons of this nature?

Required Resources

Name
Resource Type
Action

2.1 Plugging The Dyke Cartoon (Reveal 1)

Source (Image)

Source-2.1-Plugging-the-Dyke-Reveal-1

2.1 Plugging The Dyke (Reveal 2)

Source (Image)

2.1-Plugging-The-Dyke-Cartoon-Reveal-2

2.1 Plugging The Dyke Cartoon (Reveal 3)

Source (Image)

2.1-Plugging-The-Dyke-Cartoon-Reveal-3

Perspective taking 101

In this activity students explore the social, political, and economic climate experienced by Japanese Canadians in the 1930s. The lesson activities will explore the extent of discrimination faced by Japanese Canadians in prewar British Columbia. Students will examine political cartoons, images, archival documents, and other sources to better understand the prevailing mood toward Japanese Canadians that laid the foundation for the extreme measures taken by the federal government in the 1940s.

 

Required Resources:

1 Handout, 12 Sources

  1. Provide each student with a copy of Handout 2.1: Historical perspective and review the elements of historical perspective taking. Take some time to check student understanding with the concept details described in the handout.
  2. Inform students that historians use primary source documents as a way to investigate the past and provide evidence for the conclusions they draw when telling a story about a particular event. Explain to the class that we want to understand the social, political, and economic climate of the 1930s in British Columbia.
    • Write this question on the whiteboard: “What was the prevailing public attitude towards Japanese Canadians in the 1930s?
    • Set up table stations and distribute copies of the sources (2.2–2.13) throughout the classroom. Our recommendation is to have not more than three sources per station with a minimum of eight stations in use.
    • Mix the sources at each table using a variety of combinations (there will be some overlap as students move from station to station).
  3. Students circulate to four stations in a gallery-walk format, recording information on the chart in Handout 2.1: Historical perspective from each station. To avoid large congregations at each table you may want to set a maximum of two to four students at any one station. Have the students enter observations from the sources in the chart. Provide 10 minutes at each station and remind students to be thoughtful while assessing each piece of evidence.
  4. Debrief the observations, and take opportunities to comment on issues of presentism, context, perspective, and validity created by the source selections. Students then use the evidence collected on their charts to address the question. This may be discussed in a class activity, written up in class, or assigned for next class as a review activity prior to starting the tug-for-truth activity.

Required Resources

Name
Resource Type
Action

2.1 Historical Perspective

Student Handout

2.2 Grade 4 Class 1941

Source (Image)

2.3 H.F. Angus

Source (Document)

2.4 Registration Card

Source (Image)

2.5 Living Room 1930

Source (Image)

2.6 Political Cartoon

Source (Image)

2.7 Taxi Calendar

Source (Image)

2.8 Maclean’s Magazine Article 1921

Source (Document)

2.9 Order-in-Council PC 695

Source (Document)

2.10 The New Canadian Article

Source (Document)

2.11 Bicycles in Stanley Park 1930’s

Source (Image)

2.12 Nippon Auto Supplies

Source (Image)

2.13 Brief History of My Life

Source (Document)

Tug-for-truth activity

Japanese Canadians were interned in the summer and fall of 1942 as a wartime necessity by the government of Canada. In this activity students explore the validity of the government’s position, weigh evidence, and unpack claims Japanese Canadians were a threat to the nation.

Required Resources:

2 Handouts, 5 Sources, 1 Teacher Resource

  1. Place a tug-of-war diagram on the whiteboard, or tape a piece of rope on the wall and use Post-it notes. Provide students with Handout 2.2: Tug-for-truth.
    • On your whiteboard above the diagram, write the claim: It was necessary to uproot and intern Japanese Canadians.
    • Inform the class they are going to debate this question in light of evidence presented on both sides of the issue.
  2. Mix the class into varied student groups of four to six and provide each group with the evidence package (Sources 2.14–2.19).
    • Inform the groups the first step is to assess the sources provided and enter evidence on either side of the claim on Handout 2.2: Tug-for-truth. (You may assign one handout to each student or one for the group to complete collectively).
    • Allow the student groups 20 minutes to review the evidence package and begin formulating which side of the claim to add their evidence to.
  3. Explain to the students they will now begin writing evidence, on either side of the claim, on the whiteboard. Tell them they can only add two types of things
    • Evidence that directs the tug in the yes or no direction of the claim, or a question about the claim or evidence. The question may ask for more information, ask for clarity, or oer a recommendation.
    • Allow groups about 10 to 15 minutes to add claims, note questions and reflect on what has been recorded.
    • Apply Resource 2.3: Tug-For-Truth assessment rubric at this stage as you check in with each table group, or at the end with the student summative activity.
  4. Finish the activity by asking the students what new ideas they have about the question of truth.
    • Can we decide now? What grey areas may remain? Why was there evidence presented on either side of the claim? What additional evidence might sway the judgement to one view or the other?
  5. Students take 5 minutes to record a final judgement on the claim based on the evidence on the whiteboard, the information shared in debriefing, and their own notes. These can be shared, graded, or kept in a learning portfolio.

Required Resources

Name
Resource Type
Action

2.2 Tug-for-Truth

Student Handout

Handout-2.2-Tug-for-Truth

2.3 Tug-forTruth Rubric

Teacher Resource

Handout-2.3-Tug-for-Truth-Evaluation-Rubric

2.14 RCMP Commissioner S.T.Wood

Source (Document)

Source-2.14-Letter-from-RCMP-Commissioner-S.T.-Woo

2.15 The Enemy That Never Was

Source (Document)

Source-2.15-The-Enemy-That-Never-Was

2.16 The Vancouver Province 1942

Source (Document)

Source-2.16-Letter-to-the-Editor-Vancouver-Province-1942

2.17 Mutual Hostages

Source (Document)

Source-2.17-Mutual-Hostages

2.18 MP Thomas Reid

Source (Document)

Source-2.18-MP-Thomas-Reid-editorial-Vancouver-Province-1942

2.19 Order-in-Council PC 1486

Student Handout

Source-2.19-Notice-to-All-Personal-of-Japanese-Racial-Origin

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